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RKM code

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The RKM code,<a href="#cite_note-IEC_60062_2016-1">[1]</a> also referred to as "letter and numeral code for <a href="Electrical_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical resistance">resistance</a> and <a href="Capacitance" title="Capacitance">capacitance</a> values and <a href="Electrical_component_tolerance" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical component tolerance">tolerances</a>",<a href="#cite_note-IEC_60062_2016-1">[1]</a> "letter and digit code for resistance and capacitance values and tolerances",<a href="#cite_note-IEC_60062_2004-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-IET_2016-3">[3]</a> or informally as "R notation"<a href="#cite_note-Huster_2003-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-VAJ_2016-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-SE_2016-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bahn_2017-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-SQA_2018-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-PE-9">[9]</a> is a notation to specify <a href="Resistor" title="Resistor">resistor</a> and <a href="Capacitor" title="Capacitor">capacitor</a> values defined in the international standard <a href="International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">IEC</a> 60062 (formerly IEC 62) since 1952. Other standards including <a href="Deutsches_Institut_f%C3%BCr_Normung" title="Deutsches Institut für Normung">DIN</a> 40825 (1973), <a href="British_Standard" class="mw-redirect" title="British Standard">BS</a> 1852 (1975),<a href="#cite_note-BS_1852_1975-10">[10]</a> <a href="Indian_Standard" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Standard">IS</a> 8186 (1976), and <a href="Euronorm" class="mw-redirect" title="Euronorm">EN</a> 60062 (1993) have also accepted it. The updated IEC 60062:2016,<a href="#cite_note-IEC_60062_2016-1">[1]</a> amended in 2019, comprises the most recent release of the standard.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2></div>

Originally meant also as part marking code, this shorthand notation is widely used in <a href="Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">electrical engineering</a> to denote the values of resistors and capacitors in <a href="Circuit_diagram" title="Circuit diagram">circuit diagrams</a> and in the production of <a href="Electronic_circuit" title="Electronic circuit">electronic circuits</a> (for example in <a href="Bills_of_material" class="mw-redirect" title="Bills of material">bills of material</a> and in <a href="Silk_screen" class="mw-redirect" title="Silk screen">silk screens</a>). This method avoids overlooking the <a href="Decimal_separator" title="Decimal separator">decimal separator</a>, which may not be rendered reliably on components or when duplicating documents.

The standards also define a <a href="Color_code_for_fixed_resistors" class="mw-redirect" title="Color code for fixed resistors">color code for fixed resistors</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Part_value_code">Part value code</h2></div>

<caption>Examples of resistance values<a href="#cite_note-ETB_2010-11">[11]</a>

</caption>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>4R7

</td>

<td>4.7 ohm

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>470R

</td>

<td>470 ohm

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>4K7

</td>

<td>4.7 <a href="Kilohm" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilohm">kilohm</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>47K

</td>

<td>47 kilohm

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>47K3

</td>

<td>47.3 kilohm

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>470K

</td>

<td>470 kilohm

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>4M7

</td>

<td>4.7 <a href="Megohm" class="mw-redirect" title="Megohm">megohm</a>

</td></tr>

</tbody></table>

For brevity, the notation omits to always specify the unit (<a href="Ohm" title="Ohm">ohm</a> or <a href="Farad" title="Farad">farad</a>) explicitly and instead relies on implicit knowledge raised from the usage of specific letters either only for resistors or for capacitors,<a href="#cite_note-NB_Letter-M-13">[nb 2]</a> the case used (uppercase letters are typically used for resistors, lowercase letters for capacitors),<a href="#cite_note-NB_Letter-Case-14">[nb 3]</a> a part's appearance, and the context.

The notation also avoids using a <a href="Decimal_separator" title="Decimal separator">decimal separator</a> and replaces it by a letter associated with the prefix symbol for the particular value.<a href="#cite_note-NB_DecimalSeparator-15">[nb 4]</a>

This is not only for brevity (for example when printed on the part or PCB), but also to circumvent the problem that decimal separators tend to "disappear" when <a href="Photocopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Photocopy">photocopying</a> printed circuit diagrams.

Another advantage is the easier sortability of values which helps to optimize the <a href="Bill_of_materials" title="Bill of materials">bill of materials</a> by combining similar part values to improve maintainability and reduce costs.<a href="#cite_note-NB_Sortability-16">[nb 5]</a>

The code letters are loosely related to the corresponding <a href="SI_prefix" class="mw-redirect" title="SI prefix">SI prefix</a>, but there are several exceptions, where the capitalization differs or alternative letters are used.

For example, <code>8K2</code> indicates a resistor value of 8.2 kΩ. Additional zeros imply tighter tolerance, for example <code>15M0</code>.<a href="#cite_note-Rohm_2024-17">[12]</a>

When the value can be expressed without the need for a prefix, an <code>R</code> or <code>F</code> is used instead of the decimal separator. For example, <code>1R2</code> indicates 1.2 <a href="Ohm" title="Ohm">Ω</a>, and <code>18R</code> indicates 18 Ω.

<th colspan="2">Code letter

</th>

<th colspan="2"><a href="SI_prefix" class="mw-redirect" title="SI prefix">SI prefix</a>

</th>

<th colspan="2">Multiplier<a href="#cite_note-Tooley_2011-18">[13]</a>

</th></tr>

<tr>

<th>Resistance [<a href="Ohm_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohm (unit)">Ω</a>]

</th>

<th>Capacitance [<a href="Farad_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Farad (unit)">F</a>]

</th>

<th>Name

</th>

<th>Symbol

</th>

<th>Base 10

</th>

<th>Value

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>—

</td>

<td>p (P<a href="#cite_note-NB_Letter-Case-14">[nb 3]</a><a href="#cite_note-NB_Letters-P-N-19">[nb 6]</a>)

</td>

<td>pico

</td>

<td>p

</td>

<td>× 10−12

</td>

<td>× 0.000000000001

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>—

</td>

<td>n (N<a href="#cite_note-NB_Letter-Case-14">[nb 3]</a><a href="#cite_note-NB_Letters-P-N-19">[nb 6]</a>)

</td>

<td>nano

</td>

<td>n

</td>

<td>× 10−9

</td>

<td>× 0.000000001

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>—

</td>

<td>μ (u, U<a href="#cite_note-NB_Letter-Case-14">[nb 3]</a>)

</td>

<td>micro

</td>

<td>μ

</td>

<td>× 10−6

</td>

<td>× 0.000001

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>L

</td>

<td>m (M<a href="#cite_note-NB_Letter-M-13">[nb 2]</a><a href="#cite_note-NB_Letter-Case-14">[nb 3]</a>)

</td>

<td>milli

</td>

<td>m

</td>

<td>× 10−3

</td>

<td>× 0.001

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>R (E<a href="#cite_note-NB_Letter-E-20">[nb 7]</a>)

</td>

<td>F

</td>

<td>—

</td>

<td>—

</td>

<td>× 100

</td>

<td>× 1

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>K (k<a href="#cite_note-NB_Letter-k-21">[nb 8]</a>)

</td>

<td>—

</td>

<td>kilo

</td>

<td>k

</td>

<td>× 103

</td>

<td>× 1000

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>—

</td>

<td>mega

</td>

<td>M

</td>

<td>× 106

</td>

<td>× 1000000

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>G

</td>

<td>—

</td>

<td>giga

</td>

<td>G

</td>

<td>× 109

</td>

<td>× 1000000000

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>T

</td>

<td>—

</td>

<td>tera

</td>

<td>T

</td>

<td>× 1012

</td>

<td>× 1000000000000

</td></tr></tbody></table>

For resistances, the standard dictates the use of the uppercase letters <code>L</code> (for 10−3), <code>R</code> (for 100 = 1), <code>K</code> (for 103), <code>M</code> (for 106), and <code>G</code> (for 109) to be used instead of the decimal point.<a href="#cite_note-Rohm_2024-17">[12]</a>

The usage of the letter <code>R</code> instead of the SI unit symbol Ω for ohms stems from the fact that the Greek letter Ω is absent from most older <a href="Character_encoding" title="Character encoding">character encodings</a> (though it is present in the now-ubiquitous <a href="Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a>) and therefore is sometimes impossible to reproduce, in particular in some CAD/CAM environments. The letter <code>R</code> was chosen because visually it loosely resembles the Ω glyph, and also because it works nicely as a <a href="Mnemonic" title="Mnemonic">mnemonic</a> for resistance in many languages.

The letters <code>G</code> and <code>T</code> weren't part of the first issue of the standard, which pre-dates the introduction of the <a href="SI_system" class="mw-redirect" title="SI system">SI system</a> (hence the name "RKM code"), but were added after the adoption of the corresponding SI prefixes.

The introduction of the letter <code>L</code> in more recent issues of the standard (instead of an <a href="SI_prefix" class="mw-redirect" title="SI prefix">SI prefix</a> <code>m</code> for <a href="Milli-" title="Milli-">milli</a>) is justified to maintain the rule of only using uppercase letters for resistances (the otherwise resulting <code>M</code> was already in use for <a href="Mega-" title="Mega-">mega</a>).

Similar, the standard prescribes the following lowercase letters for capacitances to be used instead of the decimal point: <code>p</code> (for 10−12), <code>n</code> (for 10−9), <code>μ</code> (for 10−6), <code>m</code> (for 10−3), but uppercase <code>F</code> (for 100 = 1) for <a href="Farad" title="Farad">farad</a>.

The letters <code>p</code> and <code>n</code> weren't part of the first issue of the standard, but were added after the adoption of the corresponding SI prefixes.

In cases where the Greek letter <code>μ</code> is not available, the standard allows it to be replaced by <code>u</code> (or <code>U</code>, when only uppercase letters are available). This usage of <code>u</code> instead of <code>μ</code> is also in line with ISO 2955 (1974,<a href="#cite_note-ISO_2955-1974-22">[14]</a> 1983<a href="#cite_note-ISO_2955-1983-23">[15]</a>), DIN 66030 (Vornorm 1973;<a href="#cite_note-Vornorm_DIN_66030_1973-24">[16]</a> 1980,<a href="#cite_note-DIN_66030_1980-25">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Computerwoche_1981_DIN-26">[18]</a> 2002<a href="#cite_note-DIN_66030:2002-05-27">[19]</a>), BS 6430 (1983) and <a href="Health_Level_7" title="Health Level 7">Health Level 7</a> (HL7),<a href="#cite_note-HL7_2015-28">[20]</a> which allow the prefix <code>μ</code> to be substituted by the letter <code>u</code> (or <code>U</code>) in circumstances in which only the <a href="Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a> is available.

Several manufacturers of resistors utilize the RKM code as part of the components' <a href="Manufacturer's_part_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturer's part number">manufacturer's part numbers</a> (MPNs).<a href="#cite_note-Yageo_2022-29">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vishay_2023-30">[22]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Similar_codes">Similar codes</h3></div>

Though non-standard, some manufacturers also use the RKM code to mark <a href="Inductor" title="Inductor">inductors</a> with <code>R</code> indicating the decimal point in <a href="Microhenry" class="mw-redirect" title="Microhenry">microhenry</a> (e.g. <code>4R7</code> for 4.7 <a href="%CE%9CH" class="mw-redirect" title="ΜH">μH</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Eaton_2016-31">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-TDK_2022-32">[24]</a>

A similar non-standard notation using the unit symbol instead of a decimal separator is sometimes used to indicate <a href="Voltage" title="Voltage">voltages</a> (i.e. <code>0V8</code> for 0.8 <a href="Volt" title="Volt">V</a>, <code>1V8</code> for 1.8 V, <code>3V3</code> for 3.3 V or <code>5V0</code> for 5.0 V<a href="#cite_note-RadioHut_1977-33">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Philips_1991-34">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nexperia_2011-35">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sumida_2015-36">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-TI_2021-37">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-ST_2022-38">[30]</a>) in contexts where a decimal separator would be impossible to use or inappropriate (e.g. in signal or pin names, in <a href="Variable_(computer_science)" title="Variable (computer science)">variable names</a>, in <a href="File_name" class="mw-redirect" title="File name">file names</a>, or in <a href="Label" title="Label">labels</a> or <a href="Subscript" class="mw-redirect" title="Subscript">subscripts</a>). Alternatively, letter <code>P</code> (presumably standing for "positive voltage" or "power supply rail")<a href="#cite_note-NB_Letters-P-N-19">[nb 6]</a> is seen being used instead of the <code>V</code> sometimes in device models and netnames (i.e. <code>1P8</code> for 1.8 V, <code>3P3</code> for 3.3 V).<a href="#cite_note-Design_2007-39">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-Maxim_2015-40">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Congatec_2020-41">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Intel_2021-42">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-Intel_2023-43">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-Unisonic_2024-44">[36]</a> Respectively, both variants are also used as part of the MPN codes of <a href="Zener_diode" title="Zener diode">zener diodes</a><a href="#cite_note-Nexperia_2011-35">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Yong_2014-45">[37]</a> and <a href="Voltage_regulator" title="Voltage regulator">voltage regulators</a><a href="#cite_note-Unisonic_2024-44">[36]</a> by some manufacturers.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tolerance_code">Tolerance code</h2></div>

Letter code for resistance and capacitance tolerances:

<th colspan="2">Code letter

</th>

<th colspan="3">Tolerance

</th></tr>

<tr>

<th rowspan="2">Resistance

</th>

<th rowspan="2">Capacitance

</th>

<th colspan="2">Relative

</th>

<th>Absolute

</th></tr>

<tr>

<th>Symmetrical

</th>

<th>Asymmetrical

</th>

<th>C <10 pF only

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>A

</td>

<td>A

</td>

<td>variable (±0.05%)

</td>

<td>variable

</td>

<td>variable

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>B

</td>

<td>B

</td>

<td>±0.1%

</td>

<td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>C

</td>

<td>C

</td>

<td>±0.25%

</td>

<td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—

</td>

<td>±0.25 pF

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>D

</td>

<td>D

</td>

<td>±0.5%

</td>

<td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—

</td>

<td>±0.5 pF

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>E

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>±0.005%

</td>

<td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—

</td>

<td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>F

</td>

<td>F

</td>

<td>±1.0%

</td>

<td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—

</td>

<td>±1.0 pF

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>G

</td>

<td>G

</td>

<td>±2.0%

</td>

<td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—

</td>

<td>±2.0 pF

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>H

</td>

<td>H

</td>

<td>±3.0%

</td>

<td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—

</td>

<td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>J

</td>

<td>J

</td>

<td>±5.0%

</td>

<td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—

</td>

<td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>K

</td>

<td>K

</td>

<td>±10%

</td>

<td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—

</td>

<td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>L

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>±0.01%

</td>

<td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—

</td>

<td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>M

</td>

<td>M

</td>

<td>±20%

</td>

<td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—

</td>

<td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>N

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>±30%

</td>

<td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—

</td>

<td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>P

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>±0.02%

</td>

<td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—

</td>

<td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>

</td>

<td>Q

</td>

<td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—

</td>

<td>−10/+30%

</td>

<td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>

</td>

<td>S

</td>

<td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—

</td>

<td>−20/+50%

</td>

<td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>

</td>

<td>T

</td>

<td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—

</td>

<td>−10/+50%

</td>

<td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>W

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>±0.05%

</td>

<td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—

</td>

<td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>

</td>

<td>Z

</td>

<td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—

</td>

<td>−20/+80%

</td>

<td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—

</td></tr></tbody></table>

Before the introduction of the RKM code, some of the letters for symmetrical tolerances (viz. G, J, K, M) were already used in US military contexts following the American War Standard (AWS) and <a href="Joint_Army-Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Army-Navy">Joint Army-Navy</a> Specifications (JAN) since the mid-1940s.<a href="#cite_note-FTRC_1946-46">[38]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Temperature_coefficient_code">Temperature coefficient code</h2></div>

Letter codes for the <a href="Temperature_coefficient_of_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperature coefficient of resistance">temperature coefficient of resistance</a> (TCR):

<th>Code letter

</th>

<th><a href="Parts-per_notation#Parts-per_expressions" title="Parts-per notation">ppm</a>/K

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>K

</td>

<td>1

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>L

</td>

<td>2

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>M

</td>

<td>5

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>N

</td>

<td>10

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>P

</td>

<td>15

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Q

</td>

<td>25

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>R

</td>

<td>50

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>S

</td>

<td>100

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>U

</td>

<td>250

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Z

</td>

<td>other

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production_date_codes">Production date codes</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twenty-year_cycle_code">Twenty-year cycle code</h3></div>

<ul><li>First character: Year of production in twenty-year cycle<a href="#cite_note-NB_AmbiguousLetters-47">[nb 9]</a>

<li>Second character: Month of production<a href="#cite_note-Iskra_2018-48">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-Magnetec_2018-49">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kemet_2021-50">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-NB_AmbiguousInitials-53">[nb 10]</a>

<ul><li>1 to 9 = January to September</li>

<li>O = October</li>

<li>N = November</li>

<li>D = December</li></ul></li></ul>

Example: J8 = August 2017 (or August 1997)

Some manufacturers also used the production date code as a stand-alone code to indicate the production date of integrated circuits.<a href="#cite_note-Robotron_2021-54">[44]</a>

Some manufacturers specify a three-character date code with a two-digit week number following the year letter.<a href="#cite_note-ISA_Date_Code-55">[45]</a>

IEC 60062 also specifies a four-character year/week code.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ten-year_cycle_code">Ten-year cycle code</h3></div>

<ul><li>First character: Year of production in ten-year cycle<a href="#cite_note-ISA_Date_Code-55">[45]</a>

<li>Second character: Month of production<a href="#cite_note-ISA_Date_Code-55">[45]</a>

<ul><li>1 to 9 = January to September</li>

<li>X = October</li>

<li>Y = November</li>

<li>Z = December</li></ul></li></ul>

Example: 78 = August 2017

IEC 60062 also specifies a four-character year/week code.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Four-year_cycle_code">Four-year cycle code</h3></div>

IEC 60062 also specifies a single-character four-year cycle year/month code.<a href="#cite_note-NB_AmbiguousLetters2-56">[nb 11]</a>

<th>Year

</th>

<th>Month

</th>

<th>Letter

</th></tr>

<th rowspan="12">1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013 2017 2021

</th>

<td>1

</td>

<td>A

</td></tr>

<td>2

</td>

<td>B

</td></tr>

<td>3

</td>

<td>C

</td></tr>

<td>4

</td>

<td>D

</td></tr>

<td>5

</td>

<td>E

</td></tr>

<td>6

</td>

<td>F

</td></tr>

<td>7

</td>

<td>G

</td></tr>

<td>8

</td>

<td>H

</td></tr>

<td>9

</td>

<td>J

</td></tr>

<td>10

</td>

<td>K

</td></tr>

<td>11

</td>

<td>L

</td></tr>

<td>12

</td>

<td>M

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<th>Year

</th>

<th>Month

</th>

<th>Letter

</th></tr>

<th rowspan="12">1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022

</th>

<td>1

</td>

<td>N

</td></tr>

<td>2

</td>

<td>P

</td></tr>

<td>3

</td>

<td>Q

</td></tr>

<td>4

</td>

<td>R

</td></tr>

<td>5

</td>

<td>S

</td></tr>

<td>6

</td>

<td>T

</td></tr>

<td>7

</td>

<td>U

</td></tr>

<td>8

</td>

<td>V

</td></tr>

<td>9

</td>

<td>W

</td></tr>

<td>10

</td>

<td>X

</td></tr>

<td>11

</td>

<td>Y

</td></tr>

<td>12

</td>

<td>Z

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<th>Year

</th>

<th>Month

</th>

<th>Letter

</th></tr>

<th rowspan="12">1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023

</th>

<td>1

</td>

<td>a

</td></tr>

<td>2

</td>

<td>b

</td></tr>

<td>3

</td>

<td>c

</td></tr>

<td>4

</td>

<td>d

</td></tr>

<td>5

</td>

<td>e

</td></tr>

<td>6

</td>

<td>f

</td></tr>

<td>7

</td>

<td>g

</td></tr>

<td>8

</td>

<td>h

</td></tr>

<td>9

</td>

<td>j

</td></tr>

<td>10

</td>

<td>k

</td></tr>

<td>11

</td>

<td>l

</td></tr>

<td>12

</td>

<td>m

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<th>Year

</th>

<th>Month

</th>

<th>Letter

</th></tr>

<th rowspan="12">1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024

</th>

<td>1

</td>

<td>n

</td></tr>

<td>2

</td>

<td>p

</td></tr>

<td>3

</td>

<td>q

</td></tr>

<td>4

</td>

<td>r

</td></tr>

<td>5

</td>

<td>s

</td></tr>

<td>6

</td>

<td>t

</td></tr>

<td>7

</td>

<td>u

</td></tr>

<td>8

</td>

<td>v

</td></tr>

<td>9

</td>

<td>w

</td></tr>

<td>10

</td>

<td>x

</td></tr>

<td>11

</td>

<td>y

</td></tr>

<td>12

</td>

<td>z

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marking_codes_for_E_series_preferred_values">Marking codes for E series preferred values</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Three-character_resistor_marking_code">Three-character resistor marking code</h3></div>

For resistances following the (<a href="E48_series_(preferred_numbers)" class="mw-redirect" title="E48 series (preferred numbers)">E48</a> or) <a href="E96_series_(preferred_numbers)" class="mw-redirect" title="E96 series (preferred numbers)">E96 series</a> of preferred values, the former EIA-96 as well as IEC 60062:2016 define a <a href="Special_three-character_marking_code_for_resistors" class="mw-redirect" title="Special three-character marking code for resistors">special three-character marking code for resistors</a> to be used on small parts. The code consists of two digits denoting one of the "positions" in the series of E96 values followed by a letter indicating the multiplier.<a href="#cite_note-Rohm_2024-17">[12]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Two-character_capacitor_marking_code">Two-character capacitor marking code</h3></div>

For capacitances following the (<a href="E3_series_(preferred_numbers)" class="mw-redirect" title="E3 series (preferred numbers)">E3</a>, <a href="E6_series_(preferred_numbers)" class="mw-redirect" title="E6 series (preferred numbers)">E6</a>, <a href="E12_series_(preferred_numbers)" class="mw-redirect" title="E12 series (preferred numbers)">E12</a> or) <a href="E24_series_(preferred_numbers)" class="mw-redirect" title="E24 series (preferred numbers)">E24 series</a> of preferred values, the former ANSI/EIA-198-D:1991, ANSI/EIA-198-1-E:1998 and ANSI/EIA-198-1-F:2002 as well as the amendment IEC 60062:2016/AMD1:2019 to IEC 60062 define a <a href="Special_two-character_marking_code_for_capacitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Special two-character marking code for capacitors">special two-character marking code for capacitors</a> for very small parts which leave no room to print any longer codes onto them. The code consists of an uppercase letter denoting the two significant digits of the value followed by a digit indicating the multiplier. The EIA standard also defines a number of lowercase letters to specify a number of values not found in E24.<a href="#cite_note-SIST-EN60062-A1_2019-57">[46]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Corresponding_standards">Corresponding standards</h2></div>

<ul><li>IEC 62:1952 (aka IEC 60062:1952), first edition, 1952-01-01</li>

<li>IEC 62:1968 (aka IEC 60062:1968), second edition, 1968-01-01</li>

<li>IEC 62:1968/AMD1:1968 (aka IEC 60062:1968/AMD1:1968), amended second edition, 1968-12-31</li>

<li>IEC 62:1974/AMD1:1988 (aka IEC 60062:1974/AMD1:1988), amended third edition, 1988-04-30</li>

<li>IEC 62:1974/AMD2:1989 (aka IEC 60062:1974/AMD2:1989), amended third edition, 1989-01-01</li>

<li>IEC 62:1992 (aka IEC 60062:1992), fourth edition, 1992-03-15</li>

<li>IEC 62:1992/AMD1:1995 (aka IEC 60062:1992/AMD1:1995), amended fourth edition, 1995-06-19</li>

<li>IEC 60062:2004 (fifth edition, 2004-11-08)<a href="#cite_note-IEC_60062_2004-2">[2]</a></li>

<li>IEC 60062:2016 (sixth edition, 2016-07-12)<a href="#cite_note-IEC_60062_2016-1">[1]</a></li>

<li>IEC 60062:2016/COR1:2016 (corrected sixth edition, 2016-12-05)</li>

<li>IEC 60062:2016/AMD1:2019 (amendment 1, 2019-08-20)</li>

<li>IEC 60062:2016+AMD1:2019 CSV (consolidated version 6.1, 2019-08-20)</li>

<li>EN 60062:2016/AC:2016-12 (corrected edition)</li>

<li>EN 60062:2016/A1:2019 (amendment 1)</li>

<li>BS 1852:1975<a href="#cite_note-BS_1852_1975-10">[10]</a> (related to IEC 60062:1974)</li>

<li>DIN 40825:1973-04 (capacitor/resistor value code), DIN 41314:1975-12 (date code)</li>

<li>(GOST) ГОСТ IEC 60062-2014<a href="#cite_note-GOST_IEC_60062_2014-52">[43]</a> (related to IEC 60062-2004)</li>

<li>ILNAS-EN 60062</li>

<li>ÖVE/ÖNORM EN 60062</li>

<li>prМКС EN 60062</li>

<li>IS 8186-1976<a href="#cite_note-IS_8186_1976-62">[51]</a> (related to IEC 62:1974)</li>

<ul><li><a href="Electronic_color_code" title="Electronic color code">Electronic color code</a></li>

<li><a href="SI_prefix" class="mw-redirect" title="SI prefix">SI prefix</a></li>

<li><a href="Metric_prefix" title="Metric prefix">Metric prefix</a></li>

<li><a href="Engineering_notation" title="Engineering notation">Engineering notation</a></li>

<li><a href="E_notation" class="mw-redirect" title="E notation">E notation</a></li>

<li><a href="Cifr%C3%A3o" class="mw-redirect" title="Cifrão">Cifrão</a> (a similar scheme for a currency)</li>

<li><a href="Fermata" title="Fermata">Fermata</a> (a remotely similar musical notation)</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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</style><div class="reflist">

<li id="cite_note-NB_Designator-12"><a href="#cite_ref-NB_Designator_12-0">^</a> In case a RKM code starting with letter <code>R</code> could be confused with a symbolic designator for a particular resistor, the "R" could be replaced by <code>0R</code>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-NB_Letter-M-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NB_Letter-M_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NB_Letter-M_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NB_Letter-M_13-2">c</a> The letter <code>M</code> was an exception to the rule that all different letters are supposed to be used for resistances and capacitances. Today, a lowercase letter <code>m</code> should be used for capacitances whenever possible to avoid confusion.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-NB_Letter-Case-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NB_Letter-Case_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NB_Letter-Case_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NB_Letter-Case_14-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NB_Letter-Case_14-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NB_Letter-Case_14-4">e</a> In old issues of the IEC 60062 standard, uppercase Latin letters were not only used for resistances, but also for capacitance values, whereas newer issues specifically use lowercase letters for capacitors (except for the special case of <code>F</code>).

</li>

<li id="cite_note-NB_DecimalSeparator-15"><a href="#cite_ref-NB_DecimalSeparator_15-0">^</a> As different <a href="Decimal_separator" title="Decimal separator">decimal separators</a> are used depending on the locale (most commonly <code>.</code> and <code>,</code>), and these characters are also used as <a href="Thousands_separator" class="mw-redirect" title="Thousands separator">thousands separators</a> in some areas, avoiding to use decimal separators also has the advantage of not risking to become ambiguous in an international context.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-NB_Sortability-16"><a href="#cite_ref-NB_Sortability_16-0">^</a> Alphanumerically sorting part values in RKM notation results in sorted groups of nearby values. Within some limits, this makes it easier to identify and combine similar values within these groups in preparation of a <a href="Bill_of_materials" title="Bill of materials">bill of materials</a> in order to rationalize part inventory, ease part procurement and safe costs. For example, sorting the following random part values (3.3 kΩ, 4.7 kΩ, 4.7 MΩ, 3.6 kΩ, 5.1 kΩ, 3.3 Ω, 1.0 Ω, 5.6 MΩ, 9.1 kΩ) would conventionally result in a list like 1.0 Ω, 3.3 Ω, 3.3 kΩ, 3.6 kΩ, 4.7 kΩ, 4.7 MΩ, 5.1 kΩ, 5.6 MΩ, 9.1 kΩ, but would result in 3K3, 3K6, 4K7, 5K1, 9K1, 4M7, 5M6, 1R0, 3R3 in RKM code, where it is easier to spot that the values 3.3 kΩ and 3.6 kΩ as well as 4.7 kΩ and 5.1 kΩ are, depending on application, close enough to be potentially subjects for optimization.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-NB_Letters-P-N-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NB_Letters-P-N_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NB_Letters-P-N_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NB_Letters-P-N_19-2">c</a> In the non-standard voltage notation the usage of letter <code>P</code> (and potentially <code>N</code>) instead of letter <code>V</code> may be ambiguous in some contexts because in old issues of the IEC 60062 standard uppercase letters <code>P</code> (and <code>N</code>) were used for capacitance values, whereas newer issues of the standard specifically prescribe the usage of lowercase letters <code>p</code> (and <code>n</code>) for capacitors.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-NB_Letter-E-20"><a href="#cite_ref-NB_Letter-E_20-0">^</a> The usage of the Latin letter <code>E</code> instead of <code>R</code> is not standardized in IEC 60062, but nevertheless sometimes seen in practice. It stems from the fact, that <code>R</code> is used in symbolic names for resistors as well, and it is also used in a similar fashion but with incompatible meaning in other part marking codes. It may therefore cause confusion in some contexts. Visually, the letter <code>E</code> loosely resembles a small Greek letter <a href="Omega" title="Omega">omega</a> (ω) turned sideways. Historically (i.e. in pre-<a href="WWII" class="mw-redirect" title="WWII">WWII</a> documents), before <a href="Ohm_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohm (unit)">ohms</a> were denoted using the uppercase Greek omega (Ω), a small omega (ω) was sometimes used for this purpose as well, as in 56ω for 56 Ω. However, the letter <code>E</code> is conflictive with the similar looking but incompatible <a href="E_notation" class="mw-redirect" title="E notation">E notation</a> in engineering, and it may therefore cause considerable confusion as well.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-NB_Letter-k-21"><a href="#cite_ref-NB_Letter-k_21-0">^</a> The IEC 60062 standard prescribes the usage of an uppercase Latin letter <code>K</code> only, however, a lowercase <code>k</code> is nevertheless often seen in <a href="Schematic" title="Schematic">schematics</a> and <a href="Bill_of_material" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill of material">bills of materials</a> probably because the corresponding <a href="SI_prefix" class="mw-redirect" title="SI prefix">SI prefix</a> is defined as a lowercase <code>k</code>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-NB_AmbiguousLetters-47"><a href="#cite_ref-NB_AmbiguousLetters_47-0">^</a> In order to reduce the risk for read errors, the letters <code>G</code> (<code>6</code>), <code>I</code> (<code>J</code>, <code>1</code>), <code>O</code> (<code>0</code>, <code>Q</code>, <code>D</code>), <code>Q</code> (<code>O</code>, <code>D</code>, <code>0</code>), <code>Y</code>, <code>Z</code> (<code>2</code>) are not used as their glyphs look similar to other letters and digits.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-NB_AmbiguousInitials-53"><a href="#cite_ref-NB_AmbiguousInitials_53-0">^</a> Due to the ambiguity of many month initials (<code>A</code>, <code>J</code>, <code>M</code>) the code for the most part uses digits. Since letter <code>O</code> is easily confused with digit <code>0</code>, the code is arranged so that the letter <code>O</code> is used for October, the tenth month, rather than for January.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-NB_AmbiguousLetters2-56"><a href="#cite_ref-NB_AmbiguousLetters2_56-0">^</a> In order to reduce the risk for read errors, the letters <code>I</code>/<code>i</code> and <code>O</code>/<code>o</code> are not used as their glyphs look similar to other letters and digits.

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sis.se/api/document/preview/8021442/">"IEC 60062:2016-07"</a> (6.0 ed.). July 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180723125246/https://www.sis.se/api/document/preview/8021442/">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-07-23. Retrieved 2018-07-23.</cite> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/25395">[1]</a>

</li>

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</style><div id="IEC_standards56" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="List_of_IEC_standards" title="List of IEC standards">IEC standards</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">IEC</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">ISO/IEC</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="ISO/IEC_27000_family" title="ISO/IEC 27000 family">27000 family</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">International Electrotechnical Commission</a></li></ul>

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This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-04-13" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=RKM_code&oldid=1285395282">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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